PMJAY SEHAT scheme for Jammu and Kashmir residents
PMJAY SEHAT scheme for Jammu and Kashmir residents Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) SEHAT scheme for the residents of Jammu and Kashmir. The key features of the scheme is listed below Free treatment up to 5 lakh rupees under this scheme would improve the ease of living. About 6 lakh families of the state are getting the benefit of Ayushman Bharat Scheme. All 21 lakh families will now get the same benefits after the SEHAT scheme. Another benefit of this scheme would be that treatment is not limited to government and private hospitals in Jammu and Kashmir only. Rather, treatment can be availed from thousands of hospitals empanelled under this scheme in the country. Nearly 229 govt hospitals and 35 private hospitals have been listed under Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana. Under this scheme, people of Jammu and Kashmir will be able to avail free medical facilities up to Rs 5 lakh.
Nanomicelles
Nanomicelles Nanomicelles are ultramicrosopic globular structures that consist of exterior hydrophilic polar heads and an interior hydrophobic fatty acyl chain. In a recent pharmacology study, it was discovered that nanomicelles are capable of delivering poorly water-soluble drugs as well as the protection of drug molecules. Formulation of nanomicelles: They are typically spherical, but can sometimes take other shapes, such as cylinders and ellipsoids. The small size and shape of nanomicelles is only possible due to the molecular geometry of the particle. The shapes formed also depend on the ionic strength, surfactant concentration, and pH strength of the solutions they are placed in. In addition, the following factors were empirically-found to influence the formulation and development of nanomicelles: Chain length of surfactant molecules – nanomicelles with lower concentrations will form when a molecule’s chain length is longer Presence of dissolved salts in the solution lowers critical micelle concentration (CMC) Addition of alcohol to water – CMC increases relative to the type of alcohol (ranging from methanol to butanol) that is added to water Increase in temperature also increases CMC Number of surfactants in the solution, where the overall CMC depends on the nature of each individual surfactant and the surfactant with the highest CMC behaves like an electrolyte Significance: They are formed when amphiphilic molecules assemble themselves to create a globular structure that is only around 5 to 100nm in diameter. The particles may be formed in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions where the nonpolar region forms the interior and the polar region forms the exterior. Because of this, nanomicelles are able to take on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents. Different agents are used to createnanomicelles, however, they are usually made through surfactant molecules that may be non-ionic, ionic, and cationic detergents. Some nanomicelles may also be developed from a mixture of lipids and detergents. The critical micelle concentration and the typical number of detergent molecules are dependent on the amount of lipids and proteins in the micelles. Uses: Micelles are used primarily as solutions for membrane proteins. Research shows that nanomicelles are more effective in studying the capabilities of such proteins, than bilayer vesicles because of their relatively smaller size. Apart from this, empirical evidences also show that nanomicelles could be used as therapeutic interventions involving protein and peptide delivery. For instance, in the optometric industry, the need for stable solutions in ocular medicine targeting anterior- and posterior-segment diseases is on the rise. The current form of drug delivery through intravitreal injections are not patient-compliant and therefore poses a challenge on patient care and treatment. Researches on bioengineering have found the use of nanomicelles as a smart and efficient drug-delivery system. Advantages and disadvantages of nanomicelles: The primary advantage is its core-shell structure. The hydrophobic contents within the nanomicelle shell facilitates the solubilization of hydrophobic drugs in water. At the same time, the hydrophilic shell itself acts as a protection for the drug by eliminating the MPS that enables prolonged circulation. Another advantage of nanomicelles are their quality as an efficient pharmaceutical content because of their low toxicity, ability to minimize drug degradation, ability to permeate tissues easily for drug delivery, and lower adverse drug side effects. While nanomicelles have been found to be an effective solution in many therapeutic, medical, and bioengineering problems, studies also found the disadvantages of using nanomicelles in treatment. The structures have inefficient drug-loading capabilities (smaller than liposomes), poor physical stability in vivo, and insufficient cellular interactions with neutral micelles. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. Join now
Treaty of Amritsar 1809
Treaty of Amritsar 1809 The Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 was an agreement between the British East India Company and Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader who founded the Sikh empire. Significance of Treaty of Amritsar: Kashmiris protesting the security lockdown and snapping of communications links in the state have on multiple occasions referred to 1846, the year in which, as a National Conference leader put it, “Kashmiris were sold, along with their land, water and sky over their heads”. It was in that year that the back-to-back Treaties of Lahore and Amritsar were signed. These treaties may be considered the starting point of the modern history of Kashmir under the Hindu Dogra rulers of Jammu. The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir came into existence on March 16, 1846, the day the Treaty of Amritsar was signed between the British East India Company and the Dogra ruler Maharaja Gulab Singh. The Treaty of Amritsar was a formalisation of the proposals of the Treaty of Lahore, signed to conclude the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845-46 between the East India Company and the Sikh Empire. Provision of treaty: For strategic and diplomatic reasons, Lord Minto concluded a treaty with Ranjit Singh at Amritsar in 1809 through Metcalf in order to check the Sikh advance beyond Sutlej. By this treaty, the Sutlej was fixed as the boundry between the British East India Company and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Read Also Triratna of Jainism Formation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir: The forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh ran over the Kashmir Valley in 1819. The following year, Ranjit Singh made his Dogra general, Gulab Singh, the Raja of the State of Jammu. Gulab Singh ventured out to expand the boundaries of his empire, conquering Ladakh in the 1830s and Baltistan (in Pakistan) in the 1840s. Gulab Singh also advanced towards Tibet in 1841, but could not progress. At the same time that Gulab Singh was made the Raja of the State of Jammu, Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave to Dhyan Singh (Gulab Singh’s brother), as a jagir, the district of Poonch (located in the Jammu and Kashmir). Therefore, Poonch too became a separate state, different from Gulab Singh’s Jammu. However, Dhyan Singh faced a series of rebellions from his majority Muslim subjects. The Valley remained with the Sikhs until a little after Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s death in 1839. After the defeat in the Anglo-Sikh War, the Sikh Empire had to cede Kashmir to the English East India Company through the Treaty of Lahore, which was signed on March 9, 1846. Due to Gulab Singh’s neutrality during the Anglo-Sikh War, the British granted him dominion over Jammu and Kashmir through a sale deed, which was formalised through the Treaty of Amritsar. This treaty was signed a week after the Treaty of Lahore, on March 16, 1846. Gulab Singh ‘bought’ the state from the East India Company for a sum of Rs 75 lakh. The state of Jammu and Kashmir was thus formed, a Muslim-majority state with a Hindu Dogra ruler. The last ruling Maharaja of the Dogra dynasty was Maharaja Hari Singh, the son of Raja Amar Singh Jamwal and the nephew of his predecessor in the Dogra dynasty, Maharaja Pratap Singh. Hari Singh acceded to India in 1947. Treaty of Amritsar, (April 25, 1809), pact concluded between Charles T. Metcalfe, representing the British East India Company, and Ranjit Singh, head of the Sikh kingdom of Punjab. The treaty settled Indo-Sikh relations for a generation. The immediate occasion was the French threat to northwestern India, following Napoleon’s Treaty of Tilsit with Russia (1807) and Ranjit’s attempt to bring the Cis-Sutlej states under his control. The British wanted a defensive treaty against the French and control of Punjab to the Sutlej River. Although this was not a defensive treaty, it did fix the frontier of lands controlled by Ranjit broadly along the line of the Sutlej River. Metcalfe’s mission gave Ranjit much respect for the company’s disciplined troops as well as the determination never to cross swords with the British troops. Ranjit’s further conquests were to the west and north. Practice UPSC Prelims Mock Test Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. Join now
International River Governance
International River Governance International River Governance – Transboundary water politics in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin are affected not only by inter-government relations between India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh, but also by dynamics on different scales, including the hydropolitics between Indian states within the basin. At the same time, the disputed issues, and the patterns of power dynamics between actors, are similar in transboundary interactions in the basin as well as in inter-state interactions within India Both transboundary water disputes and India’s inter-state ones are subject to intense politicking. Within the Indian polity, however, domestic water issues divert political attention away from transboundary ones. Indian states also have significant influence over transboundary water governance, and at times this is at odds with India’s central government. Significance of Trans-Boundary River Cooperation : Understanding how water resources are governed within India should provide insights into the management of transboundary waters. There are three reasons for this. First, water disputes within India are more conflictual than transboundaryindeed, hydropolitics between India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh are highly cooperative in comparison to water interactions between some Indian states. This means that domestic disputes attract more political attention within India than do international ones. Second, Indian states have significant influence over transboundary water governance, and at times this is at odds with India’s central government. Third, the principles that underpin domestic water governance and water conflict resolution between states are reflected in India’s approach to transboundary water issues. The Zero-sum attitude to water sharing prevails.At inter-state levels there is a lack of integrative thinking among all parties concerned. This is also a feature of transboundary water interactions in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. A zero-sum water resource atmosphere is clearly building up in Himalayan Asia. Recognition of the importance of transboundary cooperation is a prerequisite for realising the water-related SDG targets and the broader Sustainable Development Goals. Transboundary water cooperation can, directly or indirectly, act as a catalyst to improve international trade, economic development, navigation, energy generation, wildlife conservation, and broader regional integration. Challenges International River Governance The decentralised authority over India’s rivers becomes increasingly problematic as the growing demand for water directly contributes to the politics of federalism; the movement towards economic liberalisation in the 2000s has increased federalist competition, as each state has become more responsible for attracting investment and funding its own development efforts. Competition is thus one of the causes of inter-state water conflicts in India. The issue of ownership is another cause. The question of ownership is posed at different scales: Between the state and communities in general, between the central government and respective states, and between 5 local and state governments. Water ownership, then, is the source of disputes. The Indian Constitution does provide for the establishment of tribunals for the resolution of inter-state river water disputes, but in practice this gives the central government no real advantage or manoeuvrability over the states, as it is still constricted by the influence of interest groups and voters. These tribunals have been largely ineffective in resolving disputes betweenthe contesting states. Without an effective oversight and arbitration mechanism, the interstate water disputes within India are left in a similar position to transboundary water disputes which, because of the anarchic nature of international law, cannot be adjudicated by a higher authority (especially not in the GangesBrahmaputra-Meghna basin, where no River Basin Organisation exists). Building dams in the Himalayan region will result in emerging risks like extreme events (floods, droughts), landslides, forest fires and many other ecological threats pose new governance challenges. 60% of transboundary river basins worldwide still lack any cooperative arrangement. Existing transboundary water treaties and institutions are often weak in terms of their mandate, design, resources, and enforcement mechanisms. Read Also Mukurthi National Park Conclusion: The influence of Indian states in transboundary water negotiations cannot be ignored. Secondly, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh must all deal with Indian states in addition to the central government. The Indian states are, on the whole, opposed to the creation of a River Basin Organisation in the Ganges-BrahmaputraMeghna basin, and this is a further hurdle for policy-makers interested in this institutional approach to transboundary water governance. Zero-sum attitudes are deeply ingrained at both the transboundary and state scales, and policy-makers should focus on enabling positivesum negotiations in addition to taking a water justice approach. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
e-Kranti – Electronic delivery of service
e-Kranti – Electronic delivery of service e-Kranti is an essential pillar of the Digital India initiative. Considering the critical need for e-Governance, mobile Governance and Good Governance in the country, the approach and key components of e-Kranti have been approved by the Union Cabinet with the vision of “Transforming e-Governance for Transforming Governance”. The e-Kranti framework addresses the electronic delivery of services through a portfolio of mission mode projects that cut across several Government Departments. Mission: The mission of e – Kranti is to ensure a Government wide transformation by delivering all Government services electronically to the citizens through integrated and interoperable systems via multiple modes while ensuring efficiency, transparency and reliability of such services at affordable costs. Objectives The objectives of ‘e-Kranti’ are as follows: To redefine NeGP with transformational and outcome-oriented e-Governance initiatives To enhance the portfolio of citizen centric services To ensure optimum usage of core Information & Communication Technology (ICT) To promote rapid replication and integration of e-Governance applications To leverage emerging technologies To make use of more agile implementation models Key principles of e-Kranti Transformation and not Translation – All project proposals in e – Kranti must involve a substantial transformation in the quality, quantity and manner of delivery of services and significant enhancement in productivity and competitiveness. Integrated Services and not Individual Services – A common middleware and integration of the back-end processes and processing systems are required to facilitate integrated service delivery to citizens. Government Process Reengineering (GPR) – To mandate GPR as the essential first step in all new MMPs without which a project may not be sanctioned. The degree of GPR should be assessed and enhanced for the existing MMPs. ICT Infrastructure on Demand – Government departments should be provided with ICT infrastructures, such as connectivity, cloud and mobile platform on demand. In this regard, National Information Infrastructure (NII), which is at an advanced stage of project formulation, would be fast-tracked by DeitY. Cloud by Default – The flexibility, agility and cost-effectiveness offered by cloud technologies would be fully leveraged while designing and hosting applications. Government Cloud shall be the default cloud for Government Departments. Mobile First – All applications are designed/ redesigned to enable delivery of services through mobile. Fast Tracking Approvals – To establish a fast – track approval mechanism for MMPs, once the Detailed Project Report (DPR) of a project is approved by the Competent Authority, empowered committees may be constituted with delegated powers to take all subsequent decisions Mandating Standards and Protocols – Use of e-Governance standards and protocols as notified by DeitY be mandated in all e-governance projects Language Localization – It is imperative that all information and services in e-Governance projects are available in Indian languages as well. National GIS (Geo-Spatial Information System) – NGIS to be leveraged as a platform and as a service in e-Governance projects. Security and Electronic Data Preservation – All online applications and e-services to adhere to prescribed security measures including cyber security. The National Cyber Security Policy 2013 notified by DeitY must be followed. Thrust areas of e-Kranti outlined in Digital India: Technology for Education – e-Education – All schools will be connected to broadband. Free WiFi will be provided in all secondary and higher secondary schools (coverage would be around 250,000 schools). A programme on digital literacy would be taken up at the national level. Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) shall be developed and leveraged for e-Education. Technology for Health – e-Healthcare – e-Healthcare would cover online medical consultation, online medical records, online medicine supply, pan-India exchange for patient information, etc. Technology for Farmers – This would facilitate farmers to get real-time price information, online ordering of inputs and online cash, loan, and relief payment with mobile banking. Technology for Security – Mobile based emergency services and disaster-related services would be provided to citizens on a real-time basis so as to take precautionary measures well in time and minimize loss of lives and properties. Technology for Financial Inclusion – Financial inclusion shall be strengthened using mobile banking, Micro-ATM program and CSCs/ Post Offices. Technology for Justice – Interoperable Criminal Justice System shall be strengthened by leveraging several related applications, i.e. e-Courts, e-Police, e-Jails and e-Prosecution. Technology for Planning – National GIS Mission Mode Project would be implemented to facilitate GIS based decision making for project planning, conceptualization, design and development. Technology for Cyber Security – National Cyber Security Co-ordination Centre would be set up to ensure safe and secure cyber-space within the country. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. 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Explore utilisation of fly ash in cement plant: NGT
Explore utilisation of fly ash in cement plant: NGT The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed a Faridabad based thermal power plant to explore utilisation of fly ash in cement plants and also directed the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to monitor whether covering of the ash dump meets scientific environmental norms. Taking note of a report furnished by the Haryana Pollution Control Board, a Bench headed by NGT chairperson Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel said: “It appears that the exposed surface has been covered and the pond ash is not being allowed to be lifted. The question whether covering of the ash dump meets the scientific environmental norms needs to be cross checked to prevent the potential of any damage by such exercise.” “This may be done by the CPCB within two months. The power plant in question may explore utilisation of the fly ash in cement plants, taking precautions and ensuring that no air pollution is caused during transportation and handling. This aspect may also be monitored by the CPCB,” the Bench said. Recommendation In its report, the state pollution control board had recommended that installation work of solar power plant “must be expedited to avoid any possibility of air pollution.” Fly Ash Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric generation power plants. Fly ash is a pozzolan, a substance containing aluminous and siliceous material that forms cement in the presence of water. When mixed with lime and water, fly ash forms a compound similar to Portland cement. This makes fly ash suitable as a prime material in blended cement, mosaic tiles, and hollow blocks, among other building materials. When used in concrete mixes, fly ash improves the strength and segregation of the concrete and makes it easier to pump. Benefits Fly ash requires less water than Portland cement and is easier to use in cold weather. Produces various set times Cold weather resistance High strength gains, depending on use Can be used as an admixture Considered a non-shrink material Produces dense concrete with a smooth surface and sharp detail Great workability Reduces crack problems, permeability, and bleeding Reduces heat of hydration Allows for a lower water-cement ratio for similar slumps when compared to no-fly-ash mixes Reduces CO2 emissions Disadvantages Smaller builders and housing contractors may not be familiar with fly ash products, which can have different properties depending on where and how it was obtained. Additionally, fly ash applications may face resistance from traditional builders due to its tendency to effloresce along with concerns about freeze/thaw performance. Other concerns about using fly ash in concrete include: Slower strength gain Seasonal limitation Increased need for air-entraining admixtures Increase of salt scaling produced by higher proportions of fly ash Applications for Fly Ash Fly ash can be used as prime material in many cement-based products, such as poured concrete, concrete block, and brick. One of the most common uses of fly ash is in Portland cement concrete pavement or PCC pavement. Road construction projects using PCC can use a great deal of concrete, and substituting fly ash provides significant economic benefits. Fly ash has also been used as embankment and mine fill, and it has increasingly gained acceptance by the Federal Highway Administration. The rate of substitution—of fly ash for Portland cement—typically specified is 1 to 1 1/2 pounds of fly ash for 1 pound of cement. Accordingly, the amount of fine aggregate in the concrete mix must be reduced to accommodate the additional volume of the fly ash. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbQrbMO_CdQ Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
Mukurthi National Park
Mukurthi National Park Mukurthi National Park is located on the high altitudes of the Nilgiris, comprising rolling downs interspersed with temperate sholas in depressions. The landscape is extremely picturesque and a seat of endemism in its relationship with Himalayan flora and fauna. This forms part of the Nilgiris biosphere reserve. From Udhagamandalam there are four different entry points for reaching the sanctuary. 7846 ha. of reserved forests, the entire area of which has been declared as a National Park. Primarily grassland, characteristically interspersed with numerous isolated, compact, sharply defined montane wet temperate mixed forests locally termed ‘Sholas’, with beautiful brooks. Nilgiris tahr, sambar, barking deer, Nilgiri marten, otter, jungle Cat, jackal etc. Avifauna consists mostly of hill birds among which laughing thrushes, whistling, thrushes, woodcock, wood pigeon and black eagle may be noticed. Butterflies with Himalayan affinity like the Blue Admiral, Indian Red Admiral, Indian Fritillary, Indian Cabbage white, Hedge blues and Rainbow trouts. Key Points: Preparing for the summer and peak fire season, the forest department has begun work on construction of fire lines in the Mukurthi National Park (MNP). “fire lines,” also known as “fire breaks,” in a portion of the park. Fire lines are described as an artificially formed break in foliage or forest cover to control the spread of wildfires by limiting the amount of combustible vegetation available. This year, already 20 km. of fire lines have already been constructed, with another equivalent amount of fire lines to be constructed in the coming months. “As there were fires in some areas which are most prone to wildfires last year, there will be no “cool burning” done to control the vegetation available this year,” Cool burning is done in the national park, which is closed to tourists, in a controlled manner by artificially creating small, localised fires to limit the amount of vegetation available in any given area, meaning any fires that occur during the summer will not have any build-up of “vegetative fuel” to use to become a large, uncontrollable fire. The removal of invasive trees, such as wattle is also set to be stepped up in the national park. the spread of the trees from Kolaribetta Peak and Korakundah Forest Ranges in the Nilgiris division into the national park. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-q2splwaC1s&t=1s Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
Operation Sadbhavana
Operation Sadbhavana The Indian Army finds itself at the crossroads of insurgency and terrorism in many regions of the country, with an ongoing war against terror that probably is one of the longest running in the world. the Indian military leadership has evolved the strategy of “sadbhavana” as a means to achieve the end that every soldier wants, that is, lasting peace. The remote Himalayan locales of Ladakh in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir are on the fringes of an ongoing informal insurgency. Because neglect and lack of development are characteristic of existence in border towns and villages, feelings of marginalization are widely prevalent. Myopic objectives and a perceived lack of genuine compassion and concern for the denizens of this region among administration members, who are often viewed as stooges of the national government, have widened the chasm between the hinterland populace and the “favored” residents of the Kashmir vale. Under operation sadbhavana, recently army sponsored educational and national integration tour for Jammu and Kashmir youths. Read GS Notes METHODS Operation Sadbhavana : Indian Army units have undertaken various development projects in the fields of education, community development, vocational training, and ecology as a part of Operation Sadbhavana. Civic action programs undertaken for the local populace are small-scale community projects aimed at the development of the people of this area to allow them to lead long healthy lives, to acquire knowledge, and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living. The civil administration is unable to cope with the aspirations of the people of this remote and inaccessible area because of the prevailing security situation and poor communication links and infrastructure. The key result areas under Operation Sadbhavana are: (a) primary education, (b) comprehensive health care, (c) adult literacy and vocational training, (d) enhancement of agricultural output, (e) assistance in electrification and establishment of communication networks, (f) adoption of villages for integrated development, (g) empowerment of women, and (h) employment generation. The Ladakh region is characterized by rugged mountains and narrow valleys, with poor communication links and long periods of isolation, especially in winter. The villages are scattered in pockets and located in inaccessible areas. Given the inadequacies of the existing governmental infrastructure in the region, the military medical units use their excess capacity to fill the gap in essential services for the civilian populace. Conclusion: The Operation Sadbhavana initiatives of the Indian military can be viewed as a success only when certified as such under the harsh scrutiny of history, eventually being considered a victory in retrospect. The real return on the investment in the people, as a form of nation building, is in long-term patriotism and regional development. Future civil-military operations must include a method for quantifying the impact of activities on the health and other developmental aspects of the civilian population, as part of the initial operational planning. Planners must also develop a prospective strategic communications plan, including a detailed audience analysis, early in the planning stages for such operations. Read Also Juice Jacking
Himalayan trillium
Overexploitation, long life cycle have endangered a common Himalayan herb The Himalayan trillium (Trillium govanianum), a common herb of the Himalayas was declared ‘endangered’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In recent years, the plant has become one of the most traded commercial plants of the Himalayan region, due to its high medicinal quality. It has been used in traditional medicine to cure diseases like dysentery, wounds, skin boils, inflammation, sepsis, as well as menstrual and sexual disorders. Recent experiments have shown that the rhizome of the herb is a source of steroidal saponins and can be used as an anti-cancer and anti-aging agent. This increased its market value and has now become an easy target for poachers. Present in temperate and sub-alpine zones of the Himalayas, at an altitude from 2,400-4,000 metres above sea degree, the existence of the plant has been traced throughout India, Bhutan, Nepal, China, Afghanistan and Pakistan. In India, it’s present in 4 states only- Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, and Uttarakhand. Usually known as Nagchatri, in native areas this herb grows to a peak of 15-20 cm. “There are a number of elements threatening the survival of the plant reminiscent of over-exploitation, lengthy life cycle – gradual to achieve reproductive maturity – and poor capability for seed dispersal. The extremely particular habitat requirement, excessive commerce worth, and rising market demand are all inflicting its decline,” The researchers observe that in 2017, the herb was recorded as a medicinal plant traded from India. Since then its worth has elevated and offered at $50-315 per kilogram. To stop its unlawful commerce, “Implementation and enforcement of sustainable assortment protocols and quotas are wanted. Designation of areas of pure habitat to native communities for administration of harvest is the most suitable choice to manage its unlawful commerce. Additional, the implantation of FairWild Normal (a set of ecological and truthful commerce tips) might help merchants, and anxious companies within the sustainable harvest and commerce of the species.” Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
Dibru Saikhowa National Park
Dibru Saikhowa National Park Dibru Saikhowa National Park as well as a Biosphere Reserve situated in the south bank of the river Brahmaputra in the extreme east of Assam state in India. Dibru Saikhowa, with an area of 340 sq km, is among the most vibrant wildness on earth and is also distinct for its pristine scenic beauty. it is Situated in the flood plain of Brahmaputra, Dibru-saikhowa is a safe haven for many extremely rare and endangered species of Wildlife. The forest type of Dibru-Saikhowa comprises of semi-evergreen forests, deciduous forests, littoral and swamp forests and patches of wet evergreen forests. Famed for Ferral horses, a total 36 species of mammals and above 400 species of birds have so far been recorded from the Dibru-Saikhowa National Park. Fauna : 36 species of mammals have so far been recorded – Tiger, Elephant, Leopard, Jungle Cat, Bears, Small Indian Civet, Squirrels, Gangetic Dolphin, Slow Loris, Assamese Macague, Rhesus Macaque, Capped Langur, Hoolock Gibbon, Wild Pigs, Sambar, Barking Deer, Water Buffalo, Feral Horses etc. Avifauna : It is an identified Important Bird Area (IBA) having more than 382 species of Birds, some of which are Greater Adjutant Stork, Lesser Adjutant Stork, Greater Crested Grebe. Large Cormorant, Open bill Stork, Black necked Stork, Large Whistling Teal. Grey leg Goose, Grey-headed Fishing Eagle, Griffon Vulture, Osprey, Crested Serpent Eagle, Spot Billed Pelican, White Winged Wood Duck, Baer’s Pochard, Greater Spotted Eagle, Pale Capped Pigeon, Great Pied Hornbill, Marsh Babbler, Jerdon’s Babbler, Black Breasted Parrot bill, etc. The Park is renowned for natural regeneration of Salix trees. Read Also kaziranga national park Concerns Dibru Saikhowa National Park : Oil India Limited NSE 0.27 % (OIL) stated it will reach the target depth of around 3.5 Kilometres beneath the surface of the National Park without carrying out any drilling activity inside the national park. OIL reiterated that no disturbance to the environment and Dibru-Saikhowa national park is envisaged due to use of latest technology. In a statement the company stated the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has accorded environmental clearance for extension drilling & testing of Hydrocarbons at seven locations under Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Area, North West of Baghjan PML in District Tinsukia in the state of Assam to Oil India Limited. This information as per statutory requirement was published as advertisement for information of all concerned stakeholders. The company said it has been observed certain section of the stakeholders have expressed their concern assuming that OIL will be operating inside the national park. In order to tap the hydrocarbon resources underneath the Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, OIL had approached statutory bodies for obtaining necessary permissions in the year 2016 on the basis of the Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) technology, which will enable OIL to drill for hydrocarbon without drilling inside the national park. The company said that OIL went through an elaborate process for obtaining the necessary approvals from statutory bodies like MoEF&CC after fulfilling the stringent guidelines and adhering to various compliance and establishing the fact that OIL will not enter the Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Area. “OIL will be able to accomplish this task of exploring hydrocarbon reserves under the Dibru-Saikhowa National Park by use of the Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) technology. ERD techniques are extensively used to intersect hydrocarbon targets far from the surface or areas of the reservoir which otherwise are difficult to access. By using this technology wells can be drilled up to a depth of approx. 4 kilometers from the existing well plinth without entering the protected area. Through ERD technology, OIL will reach the target depth of around 3.5 Kms beneath the surface of the National Park without carrying out any drilling activity inside the national park.” The company further stated this is a state of the art technology where Drilling will take place around at an average more than 1.5 kilometers outside the demarcated area of the national park where OIL already is carrying out hydrocarbon exploration for last fifteen years (Baghjan area). “If commercial viability of hydrocarbon production is established, then the production of oil & gas will help in meeting the energy needs of the country and will also lead to socio-economic development of the area and its vicinity. The commercial production from this area shall enable OIL to meet the vision of our Prime Minister towards 10% reduction in imports and also fulfilling North East Vision 2030,” . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vl8Jjcb8Vwk&t=35s Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
